৩৯ তম (বিশেষ) বিসিএস প্রিলিমিনারি টেস্ট (স্বাস্থ্য ক্যাডার) (03-08-2018)

In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a three - dimensional network consisting of extracellular macromolecules and minerals, such as collagen, enzymes, glycoproteins and hydroxyapatite that provide structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells Because multicellularity evolved independently in different multicellular lineages, the composition of ECM varies between multicellular structures; however, cell adhesion, cell - to - cell communication and differentiation are common functions of the ECM.

Blood group antigens are either sugars or proteins, and they are attached to various components in the red blood cell membrane. For example, the antigens of the ABO blood group are sugars. They are produced by a series of reactions in which enzymes catalyze the transfer of sugar units.

The progressive stage is the point at which the compensatory mechanisms will begin to fail. If the crisis is not treated successfully, vital organs might be compromised. The refractory stage is when vital organs have failed and the shock can no longer be reversed leading to imminent death.

Prednisolone 5mg orally is equivalent to hydrocortisone 20mg intravenously (equivalent anti - inflammatory dose).

Insensible fluid loss is the amount of body fluid lost daily that is not easily measured, from the respiratory system, skin, and water in the excreted stool.

In most cases, pulmonary embolism is caused by blood clots that travel to the lungs from deep veins in the legs or, rarely, from veins in other parts of the body (deep vein thrombosis).

Medications. Extrapyramidal symptoms are most commonly caused by typical antipsychotic drugs that antagonize dopamine D2 receptors. The most common typical antipsychotics associated with EPS are haloperidol and fluphenazine.

Elastins, in contrast to collagens, give elasticity to tissues, allowing them to stretch when needed and then return to their original state.

Peripheral resistance is maximum at the level of arterioles.

Anything that squeezes or irritates the median nerve in the carpal tunnel space may lead to carpal tunnel syndrome. A wrist fracture can narrow the carpal tunnel and irritate the nerve, as can the swelling and inflammation caused by rheumatoid arthritis. Many times, there is no single cause of carpal tunnel syndrome.

Autonomic ganglia are clusters of neuronal cell bodies and their dendrites. They are essentially a junction between autonomic nerves originating from the central nervous system and autonomic nerves innervating their target organs in the periphery.

Iodine is a micronutrient, goitre can cause due to luck of iodine,so it's micronutrient needy for human body.Except that other known as heavy metal that is harm for human body. Skin cancer,GIT problem,skin pigmentation many others disease may occur due to toxicity of these.

An upper motor neuron lesion (also known as pyramidal insufficiency) occurs in the neural pathway above the anterior horn cell of the spinal cord or motor nuclei of the cranial nerves. Conversely, a lower motor neuron lesion affects nerve fibers traveling from the anterior horn of the spinal cord or the cranial motor nuclei to the relevant muscle(s).

Some medical disorders that may present as anxiety include Cushing disease, diabetes mellitus, parathyroid disease (hyperparathyroidism, pseudo - hyperparathyroidism), pancreatic tumors, pheochromocytoma, pituitary disease, and thyroid disease (hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroiditis).

Smooth muscle (so - named because the cells do not have striations) is present in the walls of hollow organs like the urinary bladder, uterus, stomach, intestines, and in the walls of passageways, such as the arteries and veins of the circulatory system, and the tracts of the respiratory, urinary, and reproductive.